Contribution of toxicologic pathologists for the safety of human health in biomedical research—past,present, and future of the JSTP

The research field of “Toxicologic Pathology” evaluates potentially toxic chemical exposures and chemically mediated illnesses in humans and experimental animals. Comparative studies of chemical exposures between model organisms and humans are essential for the risk assessment of chemicals and human health. Here we review the development and activities of the Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) during its 37-year history. Toxicological pathology studies provide many interesting and valuable findings. Rodent cancer bioassay data demonstrate the importance of dose levels, times, and duration of exposures to chemicals that possibly cause human cancers. Studies of toxic injuries in the nasal cavity demonstrate that specific chemical compounds affect different target cells and tissues. These observations are relevant for current air pollution studies in the preventive medicine field. Future toxicological pathology studies will be enhanced by applying molecular pathology with advanced observation techniques. In addition to the nasal cavity, another sense organ such as the tongue should be a potential next program of our mission for risk assessment of inhaled and ingested chemicals. As a message to the younger members of the JSTP, interdisciplinary and global cooperation should be emphasized. Elucidating the mechanisms of toxicologic pathology with a combination of advanced expertise in genetics and molecular biology offers promise for future advances by JSTP members.     

Primary Comparison of Orthogonal and Homogenous Designs on Experimental Design and Optimization

Systematic studies are made on experimental design and optimization.The orthogonal array design(OAD) is equal to or better than the homogeneous/uniform design (HUD) in some principlal respects and that the homogeneous design (HUD) has its advantages,especially on the case with few experiments done.     

作物重要数量性状基因鉴定与应用的若干问题

多数重要的农艺性状特别是经济性状属于数量性状。控制数量性状的基因的鉴定和利用目前尚存在一些没有完全解决的科学问题,现针对其中一些问题进行了讨论。其问题包括：应该区别控制同一个数量性状的不同QTL在育种价值上的差异;必需进一步解决大批量、快速、准确地获取数量性状值的问题;QTL初步定位结果必需验证．验证的方法应更加快速有效;标记辅助数量性状育种的前提是必需明确有利数量基因在高育种价值材料的分布。并就这些问题提出了一些解决的方案。     

Genetic variation within eight populations of perennial forage grasses

Information on both mean performance and genetic variation is important in determining the value of germplasm for breeding via recurrent selection. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate different methods of controlling spatial variation for forage yield, and to estimate genetic variances and heritability in eight perennial forage grass populations. Polycross families of two populations of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), two populations of hybrid wheatgrass (Elytrigia×muctonata (Opiz ex. Bercht.) Prokud.), and four populations of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were field tested for 2 years. Spatial variation was present in all three progeny tests, but was well accounted for by either the incomplete block design or a nearest neighbour analysis (NNA) of yield potentials. Low rank correlations between adjusted family means for the incomplete block design vs. the NNA created the unanswered question of which would provide a more appropriate estimate of family mean performance. Genetic variation was detected in six out of eight populations for forage yield, four out of six populations for ground cover, all four orchardgrass populations for maturity and one of four orchardgrass populations for leafspot reaction (caused by Drechslera spp.). Excessive year-family interactions prevented detection of genetic variation for leafspot reaction in the other populations. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.30 to 0.42 for forage yield. In all three species, there was a trend toward a negative relationship between population mean and genetic variance, suggesting that less elite populations may need to contribute other traits to be useful in the short term.     

风化花岗岩强度侵蚀区土壤侵蚀治理探讨——伏岭试验区土壤侵蚀治理评析

对1985～1991年间伏岭试区综合治理的成效进行了总结。林地面积由690hm²增加到1444hm²,植被覆盖度由43% 提高到80.5%,中度侵蚀面积由18km²减少到2.3km²,并且提高了土壤水分和养分的保蓄和累积能力,取得了显着的经济和社会效益。     

黄土丘陵典型地区植被建设中有关问题的研究Ⅱ、立地条件类型划分及小流域造林种草布局模式

以土壤水分条件及地形等因素为依据,进行了立地条件类型的划分,共划分了3个类型组和9个类型,并提出了小流域林草布局的典型模式。根据立地条件类型划分和小流域布局模式可以看出,延安研究区有条件发展乔木林,但并不是到处都可发展乔木林,因此,依据立地条件类型进行造林种草的合理布局进行植被建设是取得成功的必要措施。     

晋西黄土残塬区农业综合发展10年攻关实践与思考

经过“八五”到“九五”10年科技攻关,隰县试验示范区在自身建设、研究进展、攻关任务完成、成果转化与技术辐射推广等方面取得了显著成效,对晋西残塬区乃至同类型区的农业生产发展、农村经济增长和农民收入提高具有重要的指导意义.     

输气管道内防腐涂料耐蚀试验研究

为了解决天然气输道管道的内防腐问题,对环氧耐温涂料（Ｈ８７）、改性漆酚环氧涂料（ＺＹ）、气卤管道涂料（Ｅ－１）,重防腐涂料（ＥＰ）、漆酚钛螯合高聚物涂料（ＱＴ）等５种涂为,在人为相应输气管道的环境下,进行了室内强化耐蚀试验,并分别列出了试验结果。     

毛竹施肥试验研究

毛竹林氮、磷、钾、锌正交设计施肥试验结果表明：适宜的施肥量能显著增加毛竹林出笋数、退笋数和新竹株数,对新竹产量影响最大的是磷肥和氮肥,其后依次是钾肥和锌肥。毛竹林第一次施肥用尿素６００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、过磷酸钙２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、硫酸钾３７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、硫酸锌６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时新竹产量最高。     

黄土高原国家攻关试区农业科技进步贡献率的分析与评价

采用农业科技进步的贡献率的统一算法,对黄土高原国家攻关试区的农业科技进步贡献率进行了测算,并结合黄土高原试区的特点,对测算结果进行了初步的分析和评价。